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Post subject: Mobile Phones Antennas And Human Health  Posted: Fri Jul 24, 2009 7:07 am |
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Joined: Wed Jul 22, 2009 12:56 pm
Posts: 69
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* Governmental reports and academic reviews:
o A World Health Organization Conference concluded that: "There was a consensus that, from present knowledge, the ICNIRP [1998] guidelines appear to incorporate sufficient safety factors in their general public limits to be protective of children... However, given the uncertainty about effects in children, the use of measures that reduce their exposure, in addition to the adoption of international standards, seems appropriate."
- M Repacholi, R Saunders et al: Is EMF a potential environmental risk for children? Bioelectromag Suppl 7:S2-S4, 2005.
o In an update of their 1999 report [68 and Q15D], the Royal Society of Canada concluded: "All of the authoritative reviews completed within the last two years have concluded that there is no clear evidence of adverse health effects associated with RF fields."
- D Krewski, CV Byus et al, Recent advances in research on radiofrequency fields and health: 2001-2003. The Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 2004.
o A review of the evidence on mobile phones, mobile phones base stations, and brain cancer that was co-authored by the author of this FAQ concludes that "a weight-of-evidence evaluation shows that the current evidence for a causal association between cancer and exposure to RF energy is weak and unconvincing."
- JE Moulder, KR Foster, LS Erdreich, JP McNamee: Mobile phones, mobile phone base stations, and cancer: A review. Int J Rad Biol 81:189-203, 2005.
o The Health Council of the Netherlands "sees no reason to recommend limiting the use of mobile phones by children."
- E van Rongen, EW Roubos et al: Mobile phones and children: Is precaution warranted? Bioelectromag 25:142-144, 2004.
o A French expert group previously concluded that there was "an absence of health effects due to waves emitted from base stations." Their 2004 update concludes that "More recent scientific data do not cause this conclusion to be called into question... " and that "the increased density of base stations in conglomerations does not increase the level of electromagnetic fields, rather the contrary."
- Afsse Opinion on Mobile Telephony. Maisons-Alfort, Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale, 2005.
o A review of the literature on "electromagnetic hypersensitivity" concludes that the symptoms "can be severe", but that the syndrome appears to be "unrelated to the presence of electromagnetic fields".
- GJ Rubin, J Das Munshi et al: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: a systematic review of provocation studies. Psychosomat Med 67:224-232, 2005.
o A review of the scientific basis for the US RF exposure guidelines.
- MC Ziskin: The IEEE exposure limits for radiofrequency and microwave energy. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mar/Apr:114-121, 2005.
* Epidemiology and experimental human studies:
o Exposure to RF energy from cordless phone base stations had no effect on the incidence of brain tumors.
- J Schüz, E Böhler et al: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted from base stations of DECT cordless phones and the risk of glioma and meningioma (Interphone Study Group, Germany). Rad Res 166:116-119, 2006.
o In 2003 Zwamborn et al [176] reported that exposure of human volunteers to RF energy under "base station-like" conditions had effects on "well being". An independent attempt to confirm this found no evidence for any such effects.
- SJ Regel, S Negovetic et al: UMTS base station-like exposure, well being and cognitive performance. Environ Health Perspec on-line (6-Jun-2006)2006.
o Five more analyses of cancer incidence in users of mobile phones and cordless phones from Hardell and colleagues. It is not entirely clear whether these are new studies or further reanalyses of the previously reported studies (see Q16E).
- L Hardell, M Carlberg et al: Use of cellular telephones and brain tumour risk in urban and rural areas. Occup Environ Med 62:390-394, 2005;
- L Hardell, M Carlberg et al: Case-control study on cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for acoustic neuroma or meningioma in patients diagnosed 2000-2003. Neuroepidemiol 25:120-128, 2005;
- L Hardell, M Eriksson et al: Use of cellular or cordless telephones and the risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 78:625-632, 2005;
- L Hardell, M Carlberg et al: Pooled analysis of two case-control studies on use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for malignant brain tumours diagnosed in 1997-2003. Int Arch Occup Environ Health on line (16-Mar-06).
- L Hardell, M Carlberg et al: Pooled analysis of two case-control studies on use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for benign brain tumours diagnosed in 1997-2003. Int J Oncol 28:509-518, 2006.
o Preece and colleagues [66] reported in 1999 that exposure of human volunteers to mobile phone RF energy caused changes in reaction time; Hamblin and colleagues [197] reported a similar effect in 2004. Now the same groups, plus additional independent groups, report that they can find no such effects in children and adults.
- AW Preece, S Goodfellow et al: Effect of 902 MHz mobile phone transmission on cognitive function in children. Bioelectromag Suppl 7:S138-S143, 2005;
- C Haarala, M Bergman et al: Electromagnetic field emitted by 902 MHz mobile phones shows no effects on children's cognitive function. Bioelectromag Suppl 7:S144-S150, 2005;
- R Russo, E Fox et al: Does acute exposure to mobile phones affect human attention? Bioelectromag 27:215-220, 2006;
- DL Hamblin, RJ Croft et al: The sensitivity of human event-related potentials and reaction time to mobile phone emitted electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromag 27:265-273, 2006.
o No increase in mortality in Belgians who were in close contact with RF energy from military radar.
- E Degrave, P Autier et al: All-cause mortality among Belgian military radar operators: a 40-year controlled longitudinal study. Eur J Epidemiol 20:677-681, 2005.
o A Danish study found no association between use of mobile phones and risk for glioma or meningioma.
- HC Christensen, J Schüz et al: Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors - A population-based, incident case-control study. Neurology 64:1189-1195, 2005.
o Pooled data from six countries found that "there is no substantial risk of acoustic neuroma in the first decade after starting mobile phone use".
- MJ Schoemaker, AJ Swerdlow et al: Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries. Brit J Cancer 93:842-848, 2005.
o A study of human volunteers found that mobile phone use had no effect on visual function.
- G Schmid, C Sauter et al: No influence on selected parameters of human visual perception of 1970 MHz UMTS-like exposure. Bioelectromag 26:243-250, 2005.
* Animal studies:
o Mobile phone RF energy did not promote (increase the incidence of) any kind of chemically-induced cancer in rats or mice.
- P Heikkinen, H Ernst et al: No effects of radiofrequency radiation on 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone induced tumorigenesis in female Wistar rats. Rad Res 166: 397-408, 2006.
- BC Zook and SJ Simmens: The effects of pulsed 860 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the promotion of neurogenic tumors in rats. Rad Res 165:608-615, 2006.
- TQ Huang, JS Lee et al: Effect of radiofrequency radiation exposure on mouse skin tumorigenesis initiated by 7,12-dimethybenz[α]anthracene. Int J Rad Biol 81: 861-867, 2005
o One report claimed that exposure of mice to mobile phone RF energy caused DNA damage in their brain cells, a second study found no evidence for any such effect.
- R Paulraj and J Behari: Single strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells exposed to microwave radiation. Mut Res 596:76-80, 2006.
- IY Belyaev, CB Koch et al: Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Bioelectromag 27:295-306, 2006.
o Exposure to mice to mobile phone RF energy did not have any effect on the function of their immune cells.
- F Nasta, MG Prisco et al: Effects of GSM-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on B-cell peripheral differentiation and antibody production. Rad Res 165:664-670, 2006.
o Exposure to mice to mobile phone RF energy did not enhance genotoxic damage caused by a chemical genotoxin.
- L Verschaeve, P Heikkinen et al: Investigation of co-genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in vivo. Rad Res 165:598-607, 2006.
o Exposure of mice to mobile phone RF energy did not cause any significant changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, or stress response.
- JS Lee, TQ Huang et al: Subchronic exposure of hsp70.1-deficient mice to radiofrequency radiation. Int J Rad Biol 81:781-792, 2005.
o Exposure of mice to mobile phone RF energy did not cause DNA damage in bone morrow or white blood cells.
- BD Görlitz, M Müller et al: Effects of 1-week and 6-week exposure to GSM/DCS radiofrequency radiation on micronucleus formation in B6C3F1 mice. Rad Res 164:431-439, 2005.
o In 2000 dePomerai and colleagues reported that low-intensity exposure of worms to RF energy caused a heat shock response without causing actual heating. In 2006 the same group reported that most, if not all, of the reported effect was actually due to heating.
- AS Dawe, B Smith et al: A small temperature rise may contribute towards the apparent induction by microwaves of heat-shock gene expression in the nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans. Bioelectromag 27:88-97, 2006.
o A previous report that exposure to RF energy affected memory function in mice failed a second independent confirmation attempt.
- B Cosquer, N Kuster et al: Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Behav Brain Res 161:331-334, 2005.
* Cellular studies:
o Exposure of cultured cells to non-thermal levels of mobile phone RF energy had no statistically-significant effect on gene expression.
- V Chauhan, A Mariampillai et al: Analysis of proto-oncogene and heat-shock protein gene expression in human derived cell-lines exposed in vitro to an intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Int J Rad Biol 82:347-354, 2006;
- TD Whitehead, EG Moros et al: Gene expression does not change significantly in C3H 10T1/2 cells after exposure to 847.74 CDMA or 835.62 FDMA radiofrequency radiation. Rad Res 165:626-635, 2006;
- SS Qutob, V Chauhan et al: Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Rad Res 165:636-644, 2006.
o Exposure to non-thermal RF energy had no effect of various types of cells function of a wide variety of cells types.
- H Tuschl, W Novak et al: In vitro effects of GSM modulated radiofrequency fields on human immune cells. Bioelectromag 27:188-196, 2006.
- Y Takashima, H Hirose et al: Effects of continuous and intermittent exposure to RF fields with a wide range of SARs on cell growth, survival, and cell cycle distribution. Bioelectromag 27:392-400, 2006.
- P Merola, C Marino et al: Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Bioelectromag 27:164-171, 2006.
- AC Green, IR Scott et al: An investigation of the effects of TETRA RF fields on intracellular calcium in neurones and cardiac myocytes. Int J Rad Biol 81:869-885, 2005.
- V Joubert, P Leveque et al: Microwave exposure of neuronal cells in vitro: Study of apoptosis. Int J Rad Biol 82:267-275, 2006.
o A few studies reported that exposure of cultured cells to mobile phone RF energy caused DNA damage in some assays.
- L Zotti-Martelli, M Peccatori et al: Individual responsiveness to induction of micronuclei in human lymphocytes after exposure in vitro to 1800-MHz microwave radiation. Mut Res 582:42-52, 2005;
- E Diem, C Schwarz et al: Non-thermal DNA breakage by mobile-phone radiation (1800MHz) in human fibroblasts and in transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells in vitro. Mut Res 583:178-183, 2005.
o Many other studies reported that exposure of cultured cells to mobile phone RF energy did not cause DNA damage.
- O Zeni, M Romano et al: Evaluation of genotoxic effects in human peripheral blood leukocytes following an acute in vitro exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields. Bioelectromag 26:258-265, 2005;
- N Sakuma, Y Komatsubara et al: DNA strand breaks are not induced in human cells exposed to 2.1425 GHz band CW and W-CDMA modulated radiofrequency fields allocated to mobile radio base stations. Bioelectromag 27:51-57, 2006;
- Y Komatsubara, H Hirose et al: Effect of high-frequency electromagnetic fields with a wide range of SARs on chromosomal aberrations in murine m5S cells. Mut Res 587:114-119, 2005;
- NK Chemeris, AB Gapeyev et al: Lack of direct DNA damage in human blood leukocytes and lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to high power microwave pulses. Bioelectromag 27:197-203, 2006;
- MR Scarfì, AM Fresegna et al: Exposure to radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz, GSM signal) does not affect micronucleus frequency and cell proliferation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: an interlaboratory study. Rad Res 165:655-663, 2006;
- L Stronati, A Testa et al: 935 MHz cellular phone radiation. An in vitro study of genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Int J Rad Biol 82:339-346, 2006.
o Mobile phone RF energy had no effect on the blood-brain barrier in an vitro model.
- H Franke, J Streckert et al: Effects of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) electromagnetic fields on the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Rad Res 164:258-269, 2005;
- H Franke, EB Ringelstein et al: Electromagnetic fields (GSM 1800) do not alter blood-brain barrier permeability to sucrose in models in vitro with high barrier tightness. Bioelectromag 26:529-535, 2005.
o Exposure of cultured cells to mobile phone RF energy did not induce a stress response.
- A Laszlo, EG Moros et al: The heat-shock factor is not activated in mammalian cells exposed to cellular phone frequency microwaves. Rad Res 164:163-172, 2005;
- J Miyakoshi, K Takemasa et al: Effects of exposure to a 1950 MHz radio frequency field on expression of Hsp70 and Hsp27 in human glioma cells. Bioelectromag 26:251-257, 2005;
- M Lantow, J Schuderer et al: Free radical release and HSP70 expression in two human immune-relevant cell lines after exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Rad Resh 165:88-94, 2006;
- V Chauhan, A Mariampillai et al: Analysis of proto-oncogene and heat-shock protein gene expression in human derived cell-lines exposed in vitro to an intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Int J Rad Biol 82:347-354, 2006.
* Dosimetry and biophysical studies:
o A survey of public exposure to RF energy from mobile telephone base station antennas in five Australian cities found that exposure levels were: "well below the general public exposure limits of the ICNIRP guidelines... The highest recorded level from a single base station was... 0.2% of the general public exposure limit".
- SI Henderson and MJ Bangay: Survey of RF exposure levels from mobile telephone base stations in Australia. Bioelectromag 27:73-76, 2006.
o Twenty-four hour exposure assessment carried out in children, adolescents, and adults with a portable RF dosimeter prototype found that: "Self-reported exposures were not associated with dosimetry readings:.
- K Radon, H Spegel et al: Personal dosimetry of exposure to mobile telephone base stations? An epidemiologic feasibility study comparing the Maschek dosimeter prototype and the Antennessa SP-090 system. Bioelectromag 27:77-81, 2006.
RE : http://www.mcw.edu/gcrc/cop/cell-phone- ... l#whatsnew
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